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JANUARY 28, 1994
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Ruling looks bad, but leaves 'essentially no sodomy law'
Continued from Page 1
non-action by the Texas Supreme Court," said Suzy Wager, executive director of the Texas Human Rights Foundation, "is that because these justices are elected and not appointed, politics plays an incredible part in their handing down decisions. This is an election year and three of them are up for reelection and this is a very hot potato. It's very interesting to me, but not too surprising to anybody, that they didn't reverse the lower court ruling and they didn't affirm it. They took a year to do nothing."
The decision, penned by Justice John Cornyn, a Republican, said that, when a state criminal law is challenged through a civil court proceeding, the state's highest court does not have the authority to declare that law unconstitutional just because of the court's "good intentions to do what seems 'just' or 'right'." The court can take such actions in civil cases only if the criminal law in question is both unconstitutional and is being enforced in a way that causes irreparable injury to the property rights of the parties bringing the challenge.
In Texas v. Morales, the state lawwhich prohibits only homosexual conduct— was challenged by three lesbians and two gay men. The 15-page Cornyn opinion characterized the case as a "hypothetical controversy," noting that none of these five gay activists named in the lawsuit has provided "even a single instance in which the sodomy statute has been prosecuted against conduct the [five] claim is constitutionally protected."
"[N]one of the [five] plaintiffs claims a specific instance of career or employment opportunities having been restricted by the existence of the statute; none of the plaintiffs alleges having been the victim of a hate crime, or a fear of becoming the victim of any specific threatened future event," wrote Cornyn.
Ironically, national media attention focused just two weeks ago on the brutal murder of a man in Tyler, Texas, by members of a gang who admitted they killed him because he was gay.
The majority decision also noted that the state attorney general's office has assured the courts that the sodomy statute "is not routinely enforced." Ironically, however, the attorney general did seek to preserve the law by appealing the case to the state supreme court after a lower court declared the law unconstitutional.
The Cornyn opinion acknowledged that the five gay activists argued that the statute, by its very existence, "stigmatizes them as criminals," making it more difficult for them to find employment opportunities, but the majority repeated, in a footnote, that "not one of the plaintiffs points to any specific instance of such an injury to employment, making the fashioning of any specific equitable relief [by the courts] impossible."
"A civil court," concluded Cornyn. "simply has no jurisdiction to render naked declarations of 'rights, status or other legal relationships arising under a penal statute'." Ironically again, national media attention riveted just last year to a lesbian in
Dallas, Mica England, who was rejected as a candidate for the Dallas Police force because of the existence of the state's sodomy law. It is Mica England's lawsuit which now gives this week's Texas Supreme Court decision its "silver lining," said the ACLU's Rubenstein.
Because the Texas Supreme Court has declined to rule on the merits of the question of whether the state sodomy statute is constitutional, the prevailing decision on the issue is one made in England's case. That decision was rendered by a state appeals court in February 1993 and declared the state law unconstitutional.
"This, arguably, leaves as the law of the land the England appeals court decision, which can be essentially read to mean no sodomy law," said Rubenstein. "So the silver lining in the Texas Supreme Court decision is that, although the court did not uphold the constitutionality of the sodomy law, their cowardly, spineless abdication effectuates a positive result in the end." Others agreed.
"The trial court and appeals courts decisions stand," said Kevin Cathcart, executive director of the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund which represented England. "But it would, obviously, have been important to have a similar verdict from the state supreme court because, conceivably, another state appeals court might later reach a different finding."
The status of the Texas law stands somewhat analogous to that of Massachusetts where, in 1974, the Massachusetts high court ruled that a law prohibiting "lewd" conduct would stay on the books but could be applied only in cases of non-consensual sodomy. A second sodomy law in that state, however, has not been ruled on, said Cathcart.
Beatrice Dohrn, Lambda's legal director, said a lower court ruling declared Michigan's sodomy law unconstitutional recently, too. Although it was never appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court, Lambda counts Michigan as off the list of states with sodomy laws, too.
Not counting Texas and Michigan, but counting Massachusetts, that leaves 21 states with sodomy laws. At least two are facing similar legal challenges-in Louisiana and Montana.
Cathcart said one problem with the Texas Supreme Court reasoning is that people who have been arrested and convicted on sodomy charges, even in arguably private and consensual circumstances, are most often reluctant to challenge the constitutionality of the law because of fear of publicity. But many gays face discrimination because of those laws, he noted, such as in custody cases, the military, immigration, and other arenas where acknowledgment of being gay carries with it the assumption that the person engages in sodomy.
"The Texas decision," said Cathcart, "shows a lack of understanding on the part of the court as to how legalized homophobia works and how sodomy laws hurt lesbians and gay men." ♡
Reprinted with permission from the Washington Blade.
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Continued from Page 1
November. "Things are moving kind of slowly, but we're happy that in the short time the boycott has been in effect, there have been two major cancellations," boycott coordinator Todd Kamm said. "We are hopeful there will be more cancellations." Beth Charlton, spokeswoman for the Greater Cincinnati Convention & Visitors Bureau, said the city made $236 million from conventions last year. She estimated Cincinnati will lose $3 million from the AHA convention, which would have attracted 3,000 people. The estimated loss from the library convention is $5 million. About 8,000 participants were expected.